No. Caster Level is how powerful many of your spells are. The effect of Caster Levels differs between spells, but are explained in the spell descriptions.
Some Examples: (You already know them).
Fireball does 1d6 points of damage per Caster Level.
Jump gives +10, +20 or +30 on jump checks depending on Caster Level.
Bull Strength lasts 1 minute per Caster Level.
A characters Caster Level is usually the number of levels the character have in a spellcasting class, only a few items, enchantments or destinies adjust Caster Level.
Caster Level is also used to break Spell Resistance. (1d20 + Caster Level + other bonuses versus monsters SR)